Monday, April 9, 2012
Mesothelioma Cancer Treatments: Stage
Mesothelioma Cancer Treatments: Stage: The process of finding out how far the cancer has spread is called staging, and there are two staging systems. First butchart system and ...
Stage
The process of finding out how far the cancer has spread is called
staging, and there are two staging systems. First butchart system and
second is TNM system.
1. Butchart System
This system is based mainly on the extent of the primary tumor mass, and divides mesothelioma into stages I through IV
• Stage I: Mesothelioma is present within the right or left pleura, and may also involve the lung, pericardium, or diaphragm (the muscle separating the chest from the abdomen) on the same side.
• Stage II: Mesothelioma invades the chest wall or involves the esophagus (food passage connecting the throat to the stomach), heart, or pleura on both sides. The lymph nodes in the chest may also be involved.
• Stage III: Mesothelioma has penetrated through the diaphragm into the peritoneum (lining of the abdominal cavity). Lymph nodes beyond those in the chest may also be involved.
• Stage IV: There is evidence of distant metastases (spread through the bloodstream to other organs).
2. TNM System
Stage I: Mesothelioma involves the right or left pleura. It may also have spread into the lung, pericardium, or diaphragm on the same side. It has not yet spread to the lymph nodes.
Stage II: Mesothelioma has spread from the pleura on one side to the nearby peribronchial and/or hilar lymph nodes next to the lung on the same side. It may also have spread into the lung, pericardium, or diaphragm on the same side.
Stage III: Mesothelioma has spread into the chest wall muscle, ribs, heart, esophagus, or other organs in the chest on the same side as the primary tumor, with or without spread to subcarinal and/or mediastinal lymph nodes on the same side as the main tumor. Subcarinal nodes are located at the point where the windpipe branches to the left and right lungs. Mediastinal lymph nodes are located in the space behind the chest bone in front of the heart. Mesotheliomas with the same extent of local spread as in stage II that have also spread to subcarinal and/or mediastinal lymph nodes on the same side are also included in stage III.
Stage IV: Mesothelioma has spread into the lymph nodes in the chest on the side opposite that of the primary tumor, or directly extends to the pleura or lung on the opposite side, or directly extends into the peritoneum, or directly extends into organs in the abdominal cavity or neck. Any mesothelioma with evidence of distant metastases (spread to other organs through the bloodstream) or spread to organs beyond the chest or abdomen is included in this stage.
1. Butchart System
This system is based mainly on the extent of the primary tumor mass, and divides mesothelioma into stages I through IV
• Stage I: Mesothelioma is present within the right or left pleura, and may also involve the lung, pericardium, or diaphragm (the muscle separating the chest from the abdomen) on the same side.
• Stage II: Mesothelioma invades the chest wall or involves the esophagus (food passage connecting the throat to the stomach), heart, or pleura on both sides. The lymph nodes in the chest may also be involved.
• Stage III: Mesothelioma has penetrated through the diaphragm into the peritoneum (lining of the abdominal cavity). Lymph nodes beyond those in the chest may also be involved.
• Stage IV: There is evidence of distant metastases (spread through the bloodstream to other organs).
2. TNM System
Stage I: Mesothelioma involves the right or left pleura. It may also have spread into the lung, pericardium, or diaphragm on the same side. It has not yet spread to the lymph nodes.
Stage II: Mesothelioma has spread from the pleura on one side to the nearby peribronchial and/or hilar lymph nodes next to the lung on the same side. It may also have spread into the lung, pericardium, or diaphragm on the same side.
Stage III: Mesothelioma has spread into the chest wall muscle, ribs, heart, esophagus, or other organs in the chest on the same side as the primary tumor, with or without spread to subcarinal and/or mediastinal lymph nodes on the same side as the main tumor. Subcarinal nodes are located at the point where the windpipe branches to the left and right lungs. Mediastinal lymph nodes are located in the space behind the chest bone in front of the heart. Mesotheliomas with the same extent of local spread as in stage II that have also spread to subcarinal and/or mediastinal lymph nodes on the same side are also included in stage III.
Stage IV: Mesothelioma has spread into the lymph nodes in the chest on the side opposite that of the primary tumor, or directly extends to the pleura or lung on the opposite side, or directly extends into the peritoneum, or directly extends into organs in the abdominal cavity or neck. Any mesothelioma with evidence of distant metastases (spread to other organs through the bloodstream) or spread to organs beyond the chest or abdomen is included in this stage.
Several types of mesothelioma cell
There are 3 types of mesothelioma cell :
1. Epithelial mesothelioma
These cells are uniform shape with elongated pattern. Easily distinguishable when viewed under microscope with high magnification. The most common cell type, around 50 – 75 percent of all cases.The disease has a very long latency period, which can be anywhere from five to seventy-five years
2. Sarcomatoid mesothelioma
These cells grow forth out of supportive structures, such as muscles and bones. A less common sell type around 20 percent of all diagnosed cases. It is are elongated and spindle-shaped, and are arranged in a rather haphazard way
Sarcomatoid cells also lack a nucleus, unlike epithelioid cells, which have clearly visible nuclei. The desoplastic variety of sarcomatoid mesothelioma is difficult to distinguish fromhealthy tissue in many cases, making an accurate diagnosis challenging
3. Bipashic mesothelioma
Mix of 2 cell types above. Unlike the more common epithelioid type, biphasic mesothelioma cells lack a specific structure. The former has a clearly visible nucleus and is found in uniform, organized arrangements and tend to be of a single shape, sarcomatoid cells are more oval and have no easily identifiable nucleus.
1. Epithelial mesothelioma
These cells are uniform shape with elongated pattern. Easily distinguishable when viewed under microscope with high magnification. The most common cell type, around 50 – 75 percent of all cases.The disease has a very long latency period, which can be anywhere from five to seventy-five years
2. Sarcomatoid mesothelioma
These cells grow forth out of supportive structures, such as muscles and bones. A less common sell type around 20 percent of all diagnosed cases. It is are elongated and spindle-shaped, and are arranged in a rather haphazard way
Sarcomatoid cells also lack a nucleus, unlike epithelioid cells, which have clearly visible nuclei. The desoplastic variety of sarcomatoid mesothelioma is difficult to distinguish fromhealthy tissue in many cases, making an accurate diagnosis challenging
3. Bipashic mesothelioma
Mix of 2 cell types above. Unlike the more common epithelioid type, biphasic mesothelioma cells lack a specific structure. The former has a clearly visible nucleus and is found in uniform, organized arrangements and tend to be of a single shape, sarcomatoid cells are more oval and have no easily identifiable nucleus.
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